∗This research was supported by Dong-A University (DAU20207817).
Numerous studies claim that Taekwondo can effectively help obese children improve their physical fitness. In addition, Taekwondo might help prevent lifestyle diseases and metabolic syndrome caused by obesity. However, studies and reviews on the effectiveness of Taekwondo Poomsae are very few compared to those on Taekwondo Kyorugi. Based on previous reviews, this study aims to clarify the effect of Taekwondo Poomsae training on improving body composition, physical fitness, and blood composition of children and adolescents of different groups. Furthermore, the applicability of Taekwondo Poomsae training is to be determined.
Two-hundred and two studies were searched via Korea electronic databases RISS, KISS, and DBPIA from March 1 to 3, 2021, and 22 of these were included in this review.
Our review confirms that Taekwondo Poomsae is effective in improving the physical condition of developing children and adolescents. However, we cannot assert that this sport is also an effective exercise therapy for special youth groups, such as those who are overweight, obese, or have a metabolic growth or development syndrome.
We suggest that sports implementers, Taekwando experts, coaches, and other sport professionals provide more Taekwondo Poomsae training programs suitable for physical and physiotherapeutic exercises for different ages and groups.
The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) advocated that children and adolescent should participate in regular exercise of moderate intensity or above including aerobic exercise and strength training every day [
Numerous studies have shown that long-term appropriate physical activity can effectively enhance physical fitness and improve health problems such as obesity or metabolic syndrome [
Taekwondo can be largely divided into Kyorugi, Poomsae, and Breaking, etc. among them, Taekwondo Poomsae is a technical system based on the basic movements of attack and defense technology which assuming the situation of fighting and can be practiced alone [
Generally, Taekwondo Poomsae refers to Official Poomsae, and recently, in order to induce the diversity and interest of Taekwondo training programs, Music Taekwondo or Taekwon Gymnastics, Rhythm Taekwondo and Taekwondance, which are based on the basic movements of Taekwondo and recreated with music, are diversified and acti-vated [
From the perspective of the previous research related to the practice effect of Taekwondo training, studies on primary school students [
Interestingly, in most of these studies, the intervention means are Kyorugi rather than Poomsae. This may be because Kyorugi is an official Olympic event, which is widely spread all over the world, with a high penetration rate and more practitioners. Despite this, we still found some research on the effects of Poomsae training. Seo & Park (2017) found that after 12 weeks of quality intervention, not only the physical condition of primary school students was improved, but also the dy-namic and static balance was improved, and it was considered that the quality of Taekwondo was an effective sport [
In addition, some researchers have Poomsae intervention studies on overweight [
Based on this evidence, we have reason to believe that Taekwondo Poomsae is not only a very effective exercise method to help healthy or obese children improve their physique [
However, some research reported that after Taekwondo Poomsae training, the improvement of body composition and physical fitness did not show statistical significance [
In this way, researchers made various attempts to verify the physical effects of the Poomsae training, but the results of the previous studies were diverse, and the effects were insignificant or statistically insignificant. Therefore, there is a limit to conclusively presenting appropriate information on improving body composition, blood components and physical fitness. To provide more accurate information for on-site in-structors and readers, it is necessary to Systematic Review of the effect in Poomsae training.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review the evidence from the previous studies and to determine whether Taekwondo Poomsae is effective physical activity on body composition, physical fitness, and blood components in children and adolescents, thereby determine the applicability of Taekwondo Poomsae training as a training method and kinesitherapy.
All relevant studies were searched via Korea's Research Information Sharing Service (RISS), Korean studies Information Service System (KISS), and Data Base Periodical Information Academic (DBPIA). The search was limited to human subjects and journals published in Korean language from March 1 to 3 in 2021 using the search key words Taekwondo, Poomsae, music Poomsae, Taekwondo Gymnastics, body composition, physical fitness, blood composition. All retrieved studies were cross-referenced at the end of selection, in order to identify other potential studies.
A rigorous review process was carried out for all retrieved studies. Each study was identified and selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The concrete inclusion and exclusion criteria are as follows.
The studies which intervention methods are Taekwondo Poomsae, Music Poomsae or basic movement of Poomsae and Taekwon Gymnastics.
The participants of studies who were children and adolescents.
The type of study was randomized controlled trial (RTC).
The studies that must have a detailed training program.
If there were inappropriate interventions in the included studies (the training program included both character/music character/Taekwondo Gymnastics and Kyorugi), they were excluded.
If the participants included in the study were not only children and adolescents, but also participants of other age groups, they were excluded.
If the results of the included RTC studies were not comprehensive, they were excluded.
If the included studies did not provide a detailed training program, they were excluded.
The two authors independently extracted data and quality assessment of the included studies according to the Cochrane Handbook. The low, high, or unclear risk of bias in all studies were evaluated by considering the following 7 factors: 1) Random sequence generation, 2) Allocation concealment, 3) Blinding of participants and personnel, 4) Blinding of outcome assessment, 5) Incomplete outcome data, 6) Selective reporting, 7) Other.
When there is any uncertainty or disagreement in data extraction and quality assessment, a third person will make the decision.
The entire process of the literature search is shown in
Flowchart illustrating the different steps of the study selection.
Description of key methodological properties and quality of eligible studies
Author/ Year | Participants N (EG, CG) | Age | Intervention |
Outcome | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
week | time | min | Control Group | Exercise Group | Intrnsity | ||||
An HS (2017) [ |
40 (20, 20) | EG: 11.10±0.91 | 12 | 3 | 60 | Taekwondo Reverse Poomsae Training | Taekwondo Poomsae Training | RPE: 7-9 | Basic Physical Fitness |
CG: 11.55±1.10 | |||||||||
Cho WJ (2013) [ |
24 (12, 12) | EG: 11.17±0.72 | 12 | 3 | 60 | Normal physical activity | Taekwondo Poomsae Training | VO2max: 50-60% | Body Composition Blood Lipid (TC, TG, HDL-C), Adiponectin |
CG: 11.33±0.65 | |||||||||
Choi JI (2009) [ |
145 (80, 45) | 10-12 | 12 | 5 | 60 | No training | Basic movements of Poomsae, Taekwon gymnastic, Taekwondo Poomsae | – | Body Composition Health-related Fitness |
Ham KW (2020) [ |
19 (10, 9) | EG: 11.10±1.37 | 12 | 4 | 55 | Taekwondo Poomsae | Auditory and Visual stimulation Taekwondo Poomsae Training | RPE: 8-15 | Body Composition Physical Fitness |
CG: 10.67±1.66 | |||||||||
Jang CH (2013) [ |
16 (8, 8) | EG: 11.38±1.85 | 12 | 5 | 60 | No training | Basic movements of Poomsae, Taekwon gymnastic, Taekwondo Poomsae (Taeguk 1-4 Jang) | HRmax: 50-70% | Body Composition Physical Fitness, Cystatin C |
CG: 10.63±1.51 | |||||||||
Jeong MK (2014) [ |
16 (8, 8) | 7-8 | 12 | 3 | 60 | No training | Basic movements of Poomsae, Taekwon gymnastic, Taekwondo Poomsae (Taeguk 1-3 Jang) | HRmax: 55-70% | Body Composition Physical Fitness, Precocious Puberty Risk Factors |
Jo KY (2010) [ |
20 (10, 10) | EG: 11.60±1.07 | 12 | 4 | 60 | Taekwondo poomsae | Rhythmic Taekwondo poomsae training | HRmax: 50-70% | Body Composition Blood Lipid (TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C) |
CG: 11.90±1.19 | |||||||||
Kim WK (2009) [ |
20 (10, 10) | EG: 14.70±1.25 | 12 | 5 | 50 | No training | Basic movements of Poomsae, Taekwon gymnastic, Taekwondo Poomsae | – | Body Composition Physical Fitness, Growth Hormone, IGF-1 or DHEAs Concentration |
CG: 15.10±0.88 | |||||||||
Kim HD (2008) [ |
24 (12, 12) | EG: 13.35±0.48 CG: 12.42±0.50 | 12 | 2 | 70 | No training | Basic movements of Poomsae, Taekwon gymnastic, Taekwondo Poomsae | HRRmax: 50-80% | Body Composition Growth hormone, IGF-I, IGFBP-III |
Kim JT (2009) [ |
41 (14, 13, 14) | ) EG1: 16.21±1.12 | 14 | 2-4 | 35-70 | No training | Basic movements of Poomsae, Taekwondo Poomsae | – | Physical Fitness |
EG2: 15.94±1.83 | |||||||||
CG: 15.74±2.13 | |||||||||
Kim KJ (2001) [ |
96 (32, 32, 32) | 10.98 |
8 | – | 85 | Basic movements of Poomsae, Taeguk Poomsae | Basic movements of Poomsae, Koryo Poomsae, Kumgang Poomsae | – | Physical Fitness |
Lee SJ (2009) [ |
78 (39, 39) | 15-16 | 12 | 5 | 50 | No training | Basic movements of Poomsae, Taekwondo Poomsae (Taeguk 1-6 Jang) | – | Physical Fitness |
Nam SN (2008) [ |
16 (8, 8) | 17.75±1.5016.75±2.62 | One time (20min) | General Poomsae | Music Poomsae | – | Strees Hormones (epinephrine, noepinephrine, cortisol) | ||
Moon DS (2009) [ |
18 (9, 9) | EG: 12.18±2.12 CG: 12.73±1.82 | 12 | 5 | 60 | No training | Basic movements of Poomsae, Taekwondo Poomsae (Taeguk 1-3 Jang) | HRmax: 60-70% | Body Composition Physical Fitness, Growth Factors, Women's Hormones |
Nam SN (2011) [ |
20 (10, 10) | EG: 11.60±1.07 CG: 11.90±1.19 | 12 | 4 | 60 | General Poomsae training | Music Poomsae training | HRmax: 60-70% | Leptin, Physical Fitness |
Park JM (2017) [ |
40 (20, 20) | EG: 11.84±1.64 CG: 11.32±1.50 | 12 | 5 | 60 | Basic movements of Poomsae, Taekwondo Kyoyugi | Basic movements of Poomsae, Taekwondo Poomsae, Music Poomsae training | RPE: 11-13 | Physical Fitness, Balance Capability |
Park SK (2009) [ |
30 (15, 15) | EG: 14.67±1.40 CG: 14.73±0.96 | 12 | 5 | 60 | No training | Basic movements of Poomsae, Taekwondo Poomsae, Music Poomsae training | HRRmax: 60-70% | Body Composition Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors |
Park SK (2010) [ |
24 (12, 12) | EG: 11.92±0.90 CG: 12.50±0.80 | 12 | 3 | 60 | No training | Basic movements of Poomsae, Taekwondo Poomsae | HRmax: 55-70% | Body Composition Physical Fitness, Serum Adiponectin |
Park TH (2009) [ |
20 (10, 10) | EG: 9.10±0.90 CG: 9.00±0.82 | 12 | 5 | 50 | No training | Basic movements of Poomsae, Taekwondo Poomsae, Music Poomsae training | HRRmax: 65.7-67.7% | Body Composition Health related Physical Fitness, Blood Lipid |
Shin GS (2006) [ |
20 | 8.75±0.75 | 12 | 5 | 60 | No training | Basic movements of Poomsae, Taekwondo Poomsae | – | Physical Fitness |
Son YN (2019) [ |
10 | 17.0±0.67 | A total of 32 times | 60 | Taekwondo Poomsae trainin without kinesio tapining | Taekwondo Poomsae training with kinesio tapining ng | – | Blood Lipid Concentration | |
Song JK (2013) [ |
19 (12, 7) | EG: 14.0±0.64 CG: 13.9±0.46 | 12 | 3 | 50 | No training | Basic movements of Poomsae, | HRRmax: 60-70% | Body composition, Health-related fitness |
A total of 765 subjects participated in the 22 studies. The sample size of each study ranged from 9 to 145, and the age of participants was mainly between 7 and 19 years old. The main participants included elementary school students (14 studies), middle school students (4 studies) and high school students (4 studies). In addition, 2 studies focused on female students, 7 studies were related to overweight or obesity and metabolic syndrome, and there were 1 study related to children with Intellec-tual Disability.
In the 22 included studies, the effects of Taekwondo Poomsae training on outcome indicators of children and adolescents were described. These outcome indicators were mainly divided into three categories: body composition, physical fitness and blood composition. The detailed information is included in
Effect of Taekwondo Poomsae Training on Body Composition
Author/Year | Outcome measurement | Results |
---|---|---|
Cho WJ (2013) [ |
Weight, Fat%, BMI | Weight↓& Fat%↓& BMI↓ ( |
Ham KW (2020) [ |
Weight, BMI | Weight↑ ( |
Jang CH (2013) [ |
Weight, Fat%, BMI, LBM | Weight↓& BMI↓& Fat%↓ ( |
Jeong MK (2014) [ |
Weight, Fat%, BMI, LBM | Weight & Fat%↓ ( |
Jo KY (2010) [ |
Weight, Fat%, BMI | Weight↓ ( |
Kim WK (2009) [ |
Weight, Fat%, BMI, LBM | Weight↓, Fat%↓, BMI↓, LBM↑ |
Kim HD (2008) [ |
Weight, Fat%, BMI | Weight↓& Fat%↓& BMI↓ ( |
Moon DS (2009) [ |
Weight, Fat%, BMI, LBM | Weight↓& Fat%↓& BMI↓ ( |
Park SK (2009) [ |
Weight, Fat%, BMI, LBM | Weight↓, Fat%↓,BMI↑, LBM↓ |
Park SK (2010) [ |
Weight, Fat%, BMI, LBM | Weight ( |
Song JK (2013) [ |
Fat%, LBM | Fat%↑, LBM↑ |
BMI, body mass index; LBM, lean body mass.
↓: decrease;↑: increase; &: and.
Effect of Taekwondo Poomsae Training on Physical Fitness
Author/Year | Outcome measurement | Results |
---|---|---|
An HS (2017) [ |
Muscular strength, Muscle endurance, Agility, Flexibility, Explosive power | Agility↑ ( |
Muscular strength↑, Muscle endurance↑, Explosive power↑ | ||
Choi JI (2009) [ |
Muscular strength, Muscle endurance, Flexibility, Cardiopulmonary endurance | Muscular strength↑ ( |
Ham KW (2020) [ |
Muscular strength, Muscle endurance, Explosive power, Flexibility, Cardiopulmonary endurance | Muscle endurance↑& Explosive power↑ ( |
Jang CH (2013) [ |
Muscular strength, Muscle endurance, Explosive power, Flexibility, Equilibrium | Explosive power↑ ( |
Jeong MK(2014) [ |
Muscular strength, Abdominal strength, Agility, Flexibility, Explosive power, Equilibrium | Muscular strength & Flexibility & Equilibrium↑ ( |
Kim WK (2009) [ |
Muscular strength, Abdominal strength, Agility, Flexibility, Equilibrium | Agility & Flexibility↑ ( |
Kim JT (2009) [ |
Muscular strength, Muscle endurance, Agility, Flexibility, Equilibrium | Muscle endurance, Flexibility↑ ( |
Taegeuk Poomsae: Abdominal strength & Agility & Explosive power & Flexibility↑ ( |
||
Kim KJ (2001) [ |
Abdominal strength, Explosive power, Agility, Flexibility, Equilibrium | Kyryo Poomsae: Agility↑ ( |
Lee SJ (2009) [ |
Muscular strength, Muscle endurance, Explosive power, Flexibility, Agility, Cardiopulmonary endurance | Muscular strength & Muscle endurance & Agility & Explosive power, & Flexibility & Cardiopulmonary endurance↑ |
Moon DS (2009) [ |
Back strength, Muscle endurance, Explosive power, Flexibility, Agility, Equilibrium | Back strength & Muscle endurance& Flexibility & Agility & Explosive power & Equilibrium↑ ( |
Muscular strength↑ ( |
||
Nam SN (2011) [ |
Muscular strength, Muscle endurance, Explosive power, Flexibility, Agility, Equilibrium | Agility & Flexibility↑ ( |
Park JM (2017) [ |
Muscular strength, Muscle endurance, Explosive power, Flexibility, Agility, Cardiopulmonary endurance | Muscle endurance & Explosive power & Agility & Cardiopulmonary endurance↑ ( |
Park SK (2010) [ |
Muscular strength, Flexibility, Back strength, Agility, Equilibrium, Explosive power, Cardiopulmonary endurance (Maximum oxygen uptake & Maximum oxygen uptake permaximum) | Flexibility & Equilibrium & Explosive power↑ ( |
Park TH (2009) [ |
Muscular strength, Muscle endurance, Agility, Flexibility, Explosive power, Equilibrium | Muscular strength & Muscle endurance & Explosive power & Agility↑ ( |
Shin GS (2006) [ |
Muscular strength, Muscle endurance, Explosive power, Flexibility, Agility, Equilibrium | Muscular strength & Explosive power & Flexibility & Equilibrium↑ ( |
Song JK (2013) [ |
Static strength, Muscle endurance, Abdominal endurance, Flexibility, Whole body endurance | Static strength & Muscle endurance & Abdominal endurance & Whole-body endurance & Flexibility↑ |
↓: Decrease; ↑: Increase; &: and.
Effect of Taekwondo Poomsae Training on Blood Composition
Author/Year | Characteristics of participants | Outcome measures | Results |
---|---|---|---|
Cho WJ (2013) [ |
Obese children | TC, TG, HDL-C, Adiponectin | TC↓ ( |
Jang CH (2013) [ |
Metabolic syndrome | TG, HDL-C, Glucose, Cystatin C | TG↓ ( |
Jeong MK (2014) [ |
Obese girls | TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, Leptin, LH, FSH, Estradiol | Leptin↓, TC↓, TG↓, HDL-C, LDL-C↓, Estradiol↓, LH↓, FSH↑ |
Jo KY (2010) [ |
Overweight student | TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C | TC↓ ( |
Kim WK (2009) [ |
Obese adolescent | TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, IGF-1, DHEAs, Insulin, HOMA-IR | TC↓&TG↓&LDL-C↓& HDL-C↑& Insulin↓ ( |
Kim HD (2008) [ |
Children | Growth hormone, IGF-1, IGFBP-III | Growth hormone↑& IGF-1↑& IGFBP-III↑ ( |
Nam SN (2008) [ |
High school student | Epinephrine, Cotisol, Norepinephrine | Epinephrine↓ ( |
Moon DS (2009) [ |
Female students | IGF-1, Progesterone, Estradiol, Estrogen, | IGF-1↑ ( |
Nam SN (2011) [ |
Obese children | Leptin | Leptin↓ ( |
Park SK (2009) [ |
Metabolic syndrome | TG, HDL-C, Glucose | TG↓& HDL-C↑ ( |
Park SK (2010) [ |
Obese children | TC, TG, HDL-C, Glucose, Adiponectin, HOMA-IR, Insulin | TC↓& Glucose↓& Adiponectin↑& Insulin↓, HOMA-IR↓ ( |
Park TH (2009) [ |
Obese children | TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, Glucose, IGF-1, Growth hormone, Insulin, HOMA-IR | TC↓, HDL-C↑, LDL-C↑, Glucose↑, IGF-1↑ ( |
Son YN (2019) [ |
High school student | Glucose, TG | Glucose↓& TG↓ ( |
TC, Total cholesterol; TG, Triglyceride; HDL-C, High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LH, Luteinizing hormone; FSH, Follicle stimulating; IGF-1, Insulin growth factor 1; IGFBP-III, Insulin like growth factor binding protein-III; DHEAs, Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis model of insulin resistance.
↓: Decrease; ↑: Increase; &: and.
Of the 22 studies, 11 studies reported the effect of Taekwondo Poomsae Training on body composition (
Regarding the study of changes in body weight, the 4 studies declare that the body weight had a significant change after the Taekwondo Poomsae intervention [
In the case of the body fat, the study of Cho & Jeoung (2013) stated that the body fat rate had a significant change after the intervention of Taekwondo Poomsae [
For the BMI, the study on Cho & Jeoung (2013) reported that there was a significant difference in BMI before and after training [
Regarding the LBM, only Jang (2013) and Jo & Ann (2010) two studies demonstrated significant differences. The other studies, although more or less the trend of increase or decrease or unchanged can be seen, but there was no statistical significance [
Of the 22 studies, 16 studies reported the effect of Taekwondo Poomsae training on physical fitness [
Among these 17 studies, 5 studies are about cardiopulmonary endurance, and all 5 studies revealed that the cardiopulmonary endurance was significant improvement in varying degree after 12 weeks of Taekwondo Poomsae intervention compared with before the experiment [
In addition, 11 studies related to agility, 10 studies alleged significant changes in agility [
Of the 22 studies, 13 studies declared the effects of Taekwondo Poomsae training on blood components [
There are 7 studies related to overweight or obese children, among which 6 studies showed the effect of Taekwondo Poomsae training on neutral lipid variability (TC, TG, HDL-C,LDL-C) [
Furthermore, another study conducted 12 weeks of Music Poomsae intervention on obese children, and the results demonstrated that the leptin content in blood of the participants decreased from 12.62±4.72 ng/mL before training to 11.60±4.67 ng/mL after training, with a significant difference [
Two studies were related to metabolic syndrome, and the results as-serted that the concentration of risk factors of metabolic syndrome (Waist circumference, Glucose, SBP, DBP, TC) decreased significantly and HDL-C increased after 12 weeks of Taekwondo Poomsae intervention [
And beyond that there are 2 studies on female children. The study of Jeong (2014) was the risk factors of precocious puberty of obese girls aged 7-8 through 12 weeks Taekwondo Poomsae training. The results found that estradiol, LH decreased and FSH increased after 12 weeks, but did not show statistical significance [
From these 22 studies of Taekwondo Poomsae intervention on children and adolescents, it was found that the intervention period is between 8 and 20 weeks, 86.96% (20 of 23 studies) is lasted for 12 weeks, and the frequency of intervention varied from 2-5 times a week, and the duration of each time is 35-85 minutes.
In addition, 14 studies showed training intensity, and most of them were set between medium and medium-high intensity (
From the setting of exercise intensity, these intensities are consistent (similar) to those emphasized by the American College of Sports Medicine, that is, in order to maintain and improve the body composition, the 40-70% VO2max exercise intensity is needed [
The risk of bias in the included studies was overall low (
Risk of bias graph.
Risk of bias summary.
This review is the first systematic review of Taekwondo Poomsae intervention in children and adolescents. The purpose is to explore whether Taekwondo Poomsae training can improve the body composition, physical fitness and blood composition of children and adolescents. Although there was a similar a systematic review and meta-analysis before, the intervention mode was not the Taekwondo Poomsae or the study participant was the elderly rather than children and adolescents.
Among the many elements of body composition, the proportion of Fat%, BMI, LBM etc. are the standard to judge the balance of body composition and the most basic condition to maintain health, which has an important impact on obesity, health, and sports performance.
Taekwondo training significantly reduce the weight, fat% and BMI of healthy and overweight or obese adolescents and children (10 reports in 11 studies), which seems to indicate that it is effective in improving body composition. According to results, Taekwondo is considered to be a very suitable aerobic exercise for teenagers and children [
Physical fitness is the basic guarantee to maintain daily work and lei-sure activities and to deal with emergencies, and it's also the basis to promote health and improve sports performance. ACSM advocates more than 30 minutes of continuous moderate intensity aerobic exercise and strength training every day to promote the improvement of adolescents’ physical fitness [
In this review, agility [
Although previous studies have shown that various sports such as soccer [
In this review, we found that Taekwondo Poomsae training caused significant changes in adiponectin [
According to previous studies, exercise can reduce plasma TG concentration, which is mainly caused by TG baseline level rather than energy consumption [
Previous studies have shown that increased plasma adiponectin levels are caused by weight loss [
In addition, there were significant changes in growth related factors (growth hormone, IGF-1, IGFBP-Ⅲ) caused by Taekwondo Poomsae training. This is because an increase in the concentration of lactic acid produced during exercise, or more accurately, an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions, regulates the release of growth hormone (GH) [
Although this systematic review shed light on many benefits, it still has some limitations. For example, when searching for studies, only the published studies in Korean are searched, which may be a limitation. Therefore, other databases and languages can be considered for further research. In addition, it should be emphasized that the number of included studies is small, and most studies have few participants, which may lead to inconsistent results. And in terms of allocation concealment and blind method of participants and personnel, it is usually poorly reported, which will be solved in the future research on Taekwondo Poomsae training for children and adolescents, so as to improve the quality of current research in this field.
In conclusion, we firmly believe that Taekwondo Poomsae is an effective sport to improve the physical condition of children and adolescents. It is even worth recommending to more people, such as the middle-aged and the elderly. However, only from the 7 literatures included, we cannot assert that taekwondo Poomsae is also an effective exercise therapy for special groups such as overweight, obesity or metabolic syndrome in growth and development. Although some reports say it is, more evidence is needed to verify it. Therefore, we suggested that sports formula-tors, Taekwondo Poomsae experts, coaches and other professionals provide more Taekwondo Poomsae training programs suitable for physical exercise and exercise kinesitherapy for different ages and groups (healthy and non-healthy or ordinary and special groups).
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Conceptualization: L Ye, H Jun; Data curation: L Ye; Formal analysis: L Ye, H Jun; Funding acquisition: N/A; Methodology: L Ye, H Jun; Project administration: L Ye, H Jun; Visualization: L Ye, H Jun; Writing-original draft: L Ye, H Jun; Writing-review & editing: L Ye, H Jun.